Control Flow

Loops and Conditionals

Branching and repetition, plus the off-by-one and scoping mistakes that break otherwise correct logic.

Nested Loops

What happens when a loop sits inside another loop, why the work multiplies instead of adding, and the loop shapes that reappear in almost every real problem.

Pattern Printing

A systematic way to approach any star, number or character pattern problem — triangles, pyramids, diamonds and hollow shapes, all built from the same recipe.