6 lessons
Setting up your toolchain and booting your very first kernel
Building a real cross-compiler, understanding the Multiboot handoff, and getting a custom kernel to print something on real (emulated) hardware.
Building a real screen driver, and setting up the GDT
Turning one hardcoded print statement into a proper terminal driver, and understanding the segmentation table every x86 kernel must set up.
Handling interrupts, the IDT, and a real keyboard driver
Making your kernel react to the outside world instead of just running one straight line of code, ending with real keystrokes appearing on screen.
Managing physical memory, and turning on paging
Building a real physical memory manager and page table structures, then flipping the one CPU bit that turns on virtual memory for good.
Real multitasking — implementing your own scheduler and context switch
Giving your kernel the ability to run more than one task at once, using a real timer interrupt and a hand-written context switch in assembly.
A simple shell, a toy file system, and where to go from here
Tying every piece together into an interactive shell backed by a real, tiny file system, and a concrete roadmap for growing your kernel further.