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Data Structures & AlgorithmsComplexity analysis up to graphs and DP.Operating SystemsProcesses, scheduling, memory and concurrency.Database Management SystemsRelational modelling, transactions and indexing.Computer NetworksFrom wires and radio waves up to the web.

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Database Management Systems

Foundations of DBMS6

Entities and attributes — the nouns of a database
Relationships and cardinality
Keys in the ER model
Weak entities, generalization, and specialization
Converting an ER diagram into relational tables

Relational Model, Algebra & Calculus6

Integrity Constraints & Normal Forms6

File Organization & Indexing7

Transactions & Concurrency Control9

Query Processing, Optimization & Distributed DBs5

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Database Management Systems

Foundations of DBMS6

Entities and attributes — the nouns of a database
Relationships and cardinality
Keys in the ER model
Weak entities, generalization, and specialization
Converting an ER diagram into relational tables

Relational Model, Algebra & Calculus6

Integrity Constraints & Normal Forms6

File Organization & Indexing7

Transactions & Concurrency Control9

Query Processing, Optimization & Distributed DBs5

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Relationships and cardinality

How entities connect to each other, relationship degree, and the four cardinality ratios that describe exactly how many entities can participate on each side.

9 min readUpdated 2026-09-03dbmser-modelrelationshipscardinality