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Database Management Systems

Foundations of DBMS6

Relational Model, Algebra & Calculus6

The relational model — tables, tuples, and the math behind them
Keys and constraints, formally
Relational algebra: the basic operators
Relational algebra: joins and division
Tuple relational calculus
Domain relational calculus

Integrity Constraints & Normal Forms6

File Organization & Indexing7

Transactions & Concurrency Control9

Query Processing, Optimization & Distributed DBs5

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Database Management Systems

Foundations of DBMS6

Relational Model, Algebra & Calculus6

The relational model — tables, tuples, and the math behind them
Keys and constraints, formally
Relational algebra: the basic operators
Relational algebra: joins and division
Tuple relational calculus
Domain relational calculus

Integrity Constraints & Normal Forms6

File Organization & Indexing7

Transactions & Concurrency Control9

Query Processing, Optimization & Distributed DBs5

Learn Database Management Systems Relational Model, Algebra & Calculus

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The relational model — tables, tuples, and the math behind them

What a relation actually is in the mathematical sense, and how tuples, attributes, degree, and cardinality map onto the tables you already know.

8 min readUpdated 2026-09-03dbmsrelational-modelrelations